Closure to "High-Modulus Columns for Liquefaction Mitigation" by James Martin II, C. Guney Olgun, James K. Mitchell, and H. Turan Durgunoglu

We appreciate the discussions of Castro and that of Bakir and Yilmaz regarding our field study of the Carrefour Shopping Center during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in northwestern Turkey. Although more definitive statements regarding the observations will not be possible until planned soil testing and modeling work are complete, this unique case has already provided valuable insights that have not previously been possible. The substantive findings relate to two primary issues: (1) the behavior of fine-grained soils that were classified as nonliquefiable; and (2) the seismic performance of jet-grouted ground relative to adjacent untreated ground. The discussers'comments, which are pertinent to both of these issues, are welcomed and instructive.