Effects of ceramic thickness, ceramic translucency, and light transmission on light-cured bulk-fill resin composites as luting cement of lithium disilicate based-ceramics

Purpose: To assess the effects of ceramic thickness, ceramic translucency, and light transmission on restorative composites used as luting cement for lithium disilicate-based ceramics.Methods: Four luting types of cement were tested (n=8); a dual-cured resin cement (Multilink N), a light-cured conventional flowable composite (Tetric N-Flow), and two light-cured bulk-fill flowable composites (Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill and X-tra base). The 20 s- or 40 s-light (1000 mW/cm2) was transmitted through 1- or 2-mm-thick high- or low-translucency (HT- or LT-) ceramic discs (IPS e.Max press) to reach the 1-mm-thick luting cement. Light transmitted to cement without ceramic served as a control. Vickers hardness number (VHN), flexural strength (FS), fractography, and degree of conversion (DC) were evaluated. One-way and multi-way analysis of variance was conducted to determine the effects of factors on VHN and FS.Results: Ceramic thickness, light transmission time, and cement type significantly affected the VHN of the luting cement (P < .000). Only Multilink N (LT- and HT-1mm) and Tetric N-Flow (HT-1mm) reached 90% VHN of corresponding control by 20 s-light transmissions, but Tetric N-Flow exhibited lowest VHN and approximately 1/3–1/2 VHN of Multilink N (P < 0.05). X-tra base expressed superior physicochemical properties to Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill (P < 0.05) and reached >90% VHN of control in all conditions with 40 s-light transmissions except for LT-2 mm. DC, FS, and fractography supported these findings.Conclusions: The light-cured bulk-fill composite served as a luting cement for lithium-disilicate-based ceramics in a product-dependent manner. Light transmission time is crucial to ensure sufficient luting cement polymerization.