Normal and abnormal appearance of fetal ganglionic eminence on second‐trimester three‐dimensional ultrasound

ABSTRACT Objectives To describe the appearance and size of the ganglionic eminence (GE) in normal fetuses on midtrimester three‐dimensional (3D) neurosonography and to report on the association between GE alterations (cavitation or enlargement) and malformation of cortical development (MCD). Methods This was a prospective multicenter cohort study of normal fetuses and a retrospective analysis of pathological cases with MCD. From January 2022 to June 2022, patients attending our tertiary centers for an expert fetal brain scan were recruited for the purpose of the study. A 3D volume of the fetal head, starting from the sagittal plane, was acquired in apparently normal fetuses using a transabdominal or transvaginal approach. Stored volume datasets were then evaluated independently by two expert operators. Two measurements (longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter) of the GE in the coronal view were obtained twice by each operator. Intra‐ and interobserver measurement variation was calculated. Reference ranges for GE measurements were calculated in the normal population. A previously stored volume dataset of 60 cases with MCD was also analyzed independently by the two operators using the same method in order to assess if GE abnormalities (cavitation or enlargement) were present. Postnatal follow‐up was obtained in all cases. Results In the study period, 160 normal fetuses between 19 and 22 weeks of gestation were included in the study. The GE was visible in the coronal plane on 3D neurosonography in 144 (90%) cases and was not clearly visible in the remaining 16 (10%) cases. The intra‐ and interobserver agreement was almost perfect for the longitudinal diameter, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83–0.93) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86–0.92), respectively, and substantial for the transverse diameter, with an ICC of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.70–0.87) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.53–0.72), respectively. A retrospective analysis of 50 cases with MCD in the second trimester showed that GE enlargement was present in 12 cases and GE cavitation was present in four cases. Conclusions Systematic assessment of the GE in fetuses at 19–22 weeks of gestation is feasible on 3D neurosonography, with good reproducibility in normal cases. Cavitation or enlargement of the GE can be demonstrated in fetuses with MCD. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetric