A study to characterize the lead isotopic fingerprint in PM2.5 emitted from incense stick and cigarette burning

The incense sticks and cigarettes burning are key sources of particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) in indoor and outdoor air. While lead (Pb) isotope ratios provide valuable insights into the origin of particle pollution, their applicability for investigating these source remains unclear. The Pb isotope ratios in the PM 2.5 emitted from these two sources were analyzed, and effects of brands or nicotine contents on the ratios were assessed. In addition, As, Cr, and Pb were analyzed to investigate whether Pb isotope ratios can serve as an indicator for the source investigation of these metals. We found that average ratios of 206 Pb/ 204 Pb, 206 Pb/ 207 Pb, and 208 Pb/ 207 Pb in cigarettes were heavier than those in incense sticks. Scatter plots of Pb isotope ratios indicated an overlap of values for incense sticks or cigarettes linked to different brands, in that ratios for cigarettes with high nicotine content were heavier than for those with low nicotine content. Scatter plots of As, Cr, or Pb concentration against Pb isotope ratios clearly distinguished the effects of cigarette burning versus incense sticks with respect to PM 2.5 of these metals. Results indicate that brand differences did not affect the determination of PM 2.5 in these two sources. We suggest that Pb isotope ratios can be a useful tool in investigating the influence of incense sticks and of cigarettes (with high or low nicotine content) burning to PM 2.5 and associated metals.