Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Actuators: The Role of Material, Form, and Scaling Effects

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials that are widely used to create intelligent devices because of their high energy density, actuation strain, and biocompatibility characteristics. Given their unique properties, SMAs are found to have significant potential for implementation in many emerging applications in mobile robots, robotic hands, wearable devices, aerospace/automotive components, and biomedical devices. Here, the state–of–the–art of thermal and magnetic SMA actuators in terms of their constituent materials, form, and scaling effects are summarized, including their surface treatments and functionalities. The motion performance of various SMA architectures (wires, springs, smart soft composites, and knitted/woven actuators) is also analyzed. Based on the assessment, current challenges of SMAs that need to be addressed for their practical application are emphasized. Finally, how to advance SMAs by synergistically considering the effects of material, form, and scale is suggested. Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators exhibit complex behaviors through simple structures at various scales. This review analyzes different SMA actuators based on material, form, and scale. With state‐of‐the‐art actuators and limitations of current technologies, this review offers insights into how to synergize these three aspects. It will serve soft and micro‐robotics researchers as a guideline for future developments.