An Australian experience using Tc‐PSMA SPECT/CT in the primary diagnosis of prostate cancer and for staging at biochemical recurrence after local therapy

Background Technetium 99 prostate‐specific membrane antigen (Tc‐PSMA) single‐photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) has the potential to provide greater accessibility globally than gallium 68 (Ga)‐PSMA positron emission tomography (PET)/CT but has not been studied as extensively in primary diagnosis, staging, or relapse of prostate cancer (PC). We instituted a novel SPECT/CT reconstruction algorithm using Tc‐PSMA and established a database to prospectively accumulate data on all patients referred with PC. This study extracts data on all patients referred over a 3.5‐year period with the primary aim of comparing the diagnostic accuracy of Tc‐PSMA and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in the primary diagnosis of PC. The secondary aim was to assess the sensitivity of Tc‐PSMA in detecting disease with relapse after either radical prostatectomy or primary radiotherapy. Methods A total of 425 men referred for primary staging (PS) of PC and 172 men referred with biochemical relapse (BCR) were evaluated. We evaluated diagnostic accuracy and correlations between Tc‐PSMA SPECT/CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), prostate biopsy, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), and age in the PS group and positivity rates at different PSA levels in the BCR group. Results Taking the biopsy's grade according to the International Society of Urological Pathology protocol as a reference, the sensitivity (true positive rate), specificity (true negative rate), accuracy (positive and negative predictive value), and precision (positive predictive value) for Tc‐PSMA in the PS group were 99.7%, 83.3%, 99.4%, and 99.7%, respectively. Comparison rates for MRI in this group were 96.4%, 71.4%, 95.7%, and 99.1%. We found moderate correlations between Tc‐PSMA uptake in the prostate and biopsy grade, the presence of metastases, and PSA. In BCR, the Tc‐PSMA positive rates were 38.9%, 53.2%, 62.5%, and 84.6% at PSA levels of