Selective methane oxidation by molecular iron catalysts in aqueous medium

Using natural gas as chemical feedstock requires efficient oxidation of the constituent alkanes—and primarily methane 1 , 2 . The current industrial process uses steam reforming at high temperatures and pressures 3 , 4 to generate a gas mixture that is then further converted into products such as methanol. Molecular Pt catalysts 5 – 7 have also been used to convert methane to methanol 8 , but their selectivity is generally low owing to overoxidation—the initial oxidation products tend to be easier to oxidize than methane itself. Here we show that N -heterocyclic carbene-ligated Fe II complexes with a hydrophobic cavity capture hydrophobic methane substrate from an aqueous solution and, after oxidation by the Fe centre, release a hydrophilic methanol product back into the solution. We find that increasing the size of the hydrophobic cavities enhances this effect, giving a turnover number of 5.0 × 10 2 and a methanol selectivity of 83% during a 3-h methane oxidation reaction. If the transport limitations arising from the processing of methane in an aqueous medium can be overcome, this catch-and-release strategy provides an efficient and selective approach to using naturally abundant alkane resources. Methane can be oxidized to methanol using N -heterocyclic carbene-ligated Fe II complexes, in which the hydrophobic cavity captures the methane substrate from an aqueous solution and releases the hydrophilic methanol product back into the solution.