Paleogene paleoclimate reconstruction using oxygen isotopes from land and freshwater organisms: the use of multiple paleoproxies

Understanding past climate change is critical to the interpretation of earth history. Even though relative temperature change has been readily assessed in the marine record, it has been more difficult in the terrestrial record due to restricted taxonomic distribution and isotopic fractionation. This problem could be overcome by the use of multiple paleoproxies. Therefore, the δ 18O isotopic composition of five paleoproxies (rodent tooth enamel, δ 18O Phosphate = +17.7 ± 2.0‰ n = 74 (VSMOW); fish scale ganoine δ 18O Phosphate = +19.7 ± 0.7‰ n = 20 (VSMOW); gastropod shell δ 18O Calcite = −1.7 ± 1.3‰ n = 50 (VPDB); charophyte gyrogonite δ 18O Calcite = −2.4 ± 0.5‰ n = 20 (VPDB); fish otolith δ 18O Aragonite = δ 18O = −3.6 ± 0.6‰ n = 20 (VPDB)) from the Late Eocene (Priabonian) Osborne Member (Headon Hill Formation, Solent Group, Hampshire Basin, UK) were determined. Because diagenetic alteration was shown to be minimal the phosphate oxygen component of rodent tooth enamel (as opposed to enamel carbonate oxygen) was used to calculate an initial δ 18O Local water value of 0.0 ± 3.4‰. However, a skewed distribution, most likely as a result of the ingestion of evaporating water, necessitated the calculation of a corrected δ 18O Local water value of −1.3 ± 1.7‰ (n = 62). This δ 18O Local water value corresponds to an approximate mean annual temperature of 18 ± 1°C. Four other mean paleotemperatures can also be calculated by combining the δ 18O Local water value with four independent freshwater paleoproxies. The calculated paleotemperature using the fish scale thermometry equations most likely represents the mean temperature (21 ± 2°C) of the entire length of the growing season. This should be concordant with the paleotemperature calculated using the Lymnaea shell thermometry equation (23 ± 2°C). The lack of concordance is interpreted to be the result of diagenetic alteration of the originally aragonitic Lymnaea shell to calcite. The mean paleotemperature calculated using the charophyte gyrogonite thermometry equation (21 ± 2°C), on the other hand, most likely represents the mean temperature of a single month toward the end of the growing season. The fish otolith mean paleotemperature (28 ± 2°C) most likely represents the mean temperature of the warmest months of the growing season. An approximate mean annual temperature of 18 ± 1°C, in addition to a mean growing season paleotemperature of 21 ± 2°C (using fish scale only) with a warmest month temperature of 28 ± 2