How to implement online warnings to prevent the use of child sexual abuse material

Challenges in tackling CSAM online In response to the growing problem, the capacity of law enforcement agencies (LEAs) to detect, investigate and prosecute CSAM offenders has become increasingly sophisticated, with attention rightly focusing on the 'most immediate and serious threats' (Holt et al. 2020: 6). [...]industry plays a part in the detection and reporting of CSAM, as electronic communication service providers in the United States are required to report instances of detected CSAM offending to the CyberTipline of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children under 18 US Code § 2258A. Value of automated responses to CSAM online Against this background, researchers have stressed the value of automated methods of tackling CSAM online, informed by theoretical models of crime prevention (Prichard et al. 2019; Quayle & Koukopoulos 2019; Smallbone & Wortley 2017). Warning messages have typically been used to respond to two types of user conduct: * when an internet user enters a CSAM keyword as a search query into a search engine (eg Google 2020); and * when an internet user attempts to access a URL which has been removed due to CSAM content (Bailey, Squire & Thornhill 2018).