Hydrogeological investigation of mud-mound springs developed over a weathered basalt aquifer on the Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia

The growth and collapse of mud mounds at a site on the Liverpool Plains in northern New South Wales, Australia has been observed over a 12-year period. The mud mounds appeared in a flat field for the first time in living memory in 1989, but their prior existence in the early Holocene is indicated by archaeological data. The piezometric head in bores drilled through a 7-m bed of clayey silt and screened in weathered basalt at a depth of 8 m was more than 2 m above ground level. Clay has been carried in suspension by water seeping to the ground surface where it has accumulated and formed a mound. Approximately eight years after their initial appearance, the growth of the mounds stopped and within a further three years they had almost completely disappeared. Mechanisms for the growth and decay of the mounds are reviewed. The chemistry of the shallow bore water and the water seeping from the surface of the mounds was dominated by sodium bicarbonate with a 4 mEq/l increase between the weathered basalt and the surface of the mound. Inverse modelling (PHREEQC) is used to determine possible chemical reactions that can account for this increase.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]