Gold Nanorods Inhibit Tumor Metastasis by Regulating MMP‑9 Activity: Implications for Radiotherapy

Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is strongly implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. Nanomaterials can interact with proteins and have impacts on protein activity, which provides a potential strategy for inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the regulation of MMP activity by nanomaterials has not been fully determined. Herein, we have found that gold nanorods (Au NRs) are able to induce the change of the secondary structure of MMP-9 and thereby inhibit their activity. Interestingly, the inhibition of MMP-9 activity is highly dependent on the aspect ratio of Au NRs, and an aspect ratio of 3.3 shows the maximum inhibition efficiency. Molecular dynamics simulations combined with mathematical statistics algorithm reveal the binding behaviors and interaction modes of MMP-9 with Au NRs in atomic details and disclose the mechanism of aspect ratio-dependent inhibition effect of Au NRs on MMP-9 activity. Au NRs with an aspect ratio of 3.3 successfully suppress the X-ray-activated invasion and metastasis of tumor by inhibiting MMP-9 activity. Our findings provide important guidance for the modulation of MMP-9 activity by tuning key parameters of nanomaterials and demonstrate that gold nanorods could be developed as potential MMP inhibitors.