The effect of probiotics on immune responses and their therapeutic application: A new treatment option for multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known as a chronic inflammatory disease (CID) that affects the central nervous system and leads to nerve demyelination. However, the exact cause of MS is unknown, but immune system regulation and inhibiting the function of inflammatory pathways may have a beneficial effect on controlling and improving the disease. Studies show that probiotics can alter the gut microbiome, thereby improving and affecting the immune system and inflammatory responses in patients with MS. The results show that probiotics have a good effect on the recovery of patients with MS in humans and animals. The present study investigated the effect of probiotics and possible therapeutic mechanisms of probiotics on immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. This review article showed that probiotics could improve immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in patients with MS and can play an effective role in disease management and control. [Display omitted] •Probiotics alter the gut microbiome, thereby improving and affecting the immune system and inflammatory responses in patients with MS.•Probiotics have a promising effect on the recovery of patients with MS in humans and animals.•Oral administration of probiotics is the most effective route.•Gut microbiological balance can be maintained in MS patients through probiotic strains by reducing inflammatory responses.