Rapid removal of PFOA and PFOS via modified industrial solid waste: Mechanisms and influences of water matrices

[Display omitted] •Coal fly ash was modified with mesoporous structure and quaternary ammonium.•High adsorption capacity was enabled via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.•Fast kinetic (teq = 2 min) and superior qdyn among benchmarked/advanced sorbents.•Selective removal (>86.5%) in the presence of ubiquitous and selected competitors.•[PFOX] can be concentrated 5 to 25-fold in mild regeneration conditions. Emerging perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances contaminate waters at trace concentrations, thus rapid and selective adsorbents are pivotal to mitigate the consequent energy-intensive and time-consuming issues in remediation. In this study, coal combustion residuals-fly ash was modified (FA-SCA) to overcome the universal trade-off between high adsorption capacity and fast kinetics. FA-SCA presented rapid adsorption (teq = 2 min) of PFOX (perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, collectively), where the dynamic adsorption capacity (qdyn = qm/teq) was 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than that of benchmark activated carbons and anion-exchange resins. Investigated by advanced characterization and kinetic models, the fast kinetics and superior qdyn are attributed to (1) elevated external diffusion driven by the submicron particle size; (2) enhanced intraparticle diffusion caused by the developed mesoporous structure (Vmeso/Vmicro = 8.1); (3) numerous quaternary ammonium anion-exchange sites (840 µmol/g), and (4) appropriate adsorption affinity (0.031 L/µmol for PFOS, and 0.023 L/µmol for PFOA). Since the adsorption was proven to be a synergistic process of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, effective adsorption ([PFOX]ini = 1.21 µM, concentration levels of highly-contaminant-sites) was obtained at conventional natural water chemistries. High selectivity (>85.4% removal) was also achieved with organic/inorganic competitors, especially compounds with partly similar molecular structures to PFOX. In addition, >90% PFOX was removed consistently during five cycles in mild regeneration conditions (pH 12 and 50 °C). Overall, FA-SCA showed no leaching issues of toxic metals and exhibits great potential in both single-adsorption processes and treatment train systems.