Robot-assisted Partial Nephrectomy with the Newly Developed KangDuo Surgical Robot Versus the da Vinci Si Surgical System: A Double-center Prospective Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial

We present the first trial comparing the KangDuo surgical robot (KD-SR) and the da Vinci Si Surgical System (DV-SS-Si). The outcomes of the KD-SR were not inferior to those of the DV-SS-Si in terms of safety and efficacy in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy for T1a tumors. The KangDuo surgical robot (KD-SR) was recently developed in China. To compare the safety and efficacy of the KD-SR versus the da Vinci Si Surgical System (DV-SS-Si) for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). A double-center prospective randomized controlled noninferiority trial of patients aged 18–75 yr with a suspicion of T1a N0M0 renal cancer (RENAL nephrometry score ≤9) was conducted. RAPN with the KD-SR versus the DV-SS-Si. The primary endpoint was the success rate of operation. The operation was successful if (1) there was no open or laparoscopic conversion, (2) the warm ischemia time was