Long-term outcomes after pre-emptive liver transplantation in primary hyperoxaluria type 1

Background Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the liver defect of oxalate metabolism, which leads to kidney failure and systemic manifestations. Until recently, liver transplantation was the only definitive treatment. The timing of liver transplantation can be early, while kidney function is still normal (pre-emptive liver transplantation—PLT), or when the patient reaches stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) and needs combined liver-kidney transplantation. We aimed to determine the long-term kidney outcomes of PLT in PH1 patients. Methods A retrospective single-center study of PH1 patients who were followed in our center between 1997 and 2017. We compared the kidney outcomes of patients who underwent PLT to those who presented with preserved kidney function and did not undergo PLT. Results Out of 36 PH1 patients, 18 patients were eligible for PLT (eGFR > 40 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at the time of diagnosis). Seven patients underwent PLT (PLT group), while 11 continued conservative treatments (PLTn group). In the PLT group, the median eGFR at the time of PLT and at the end of the follow-up period (14–20 years) was 72 (range 50–89) and 104 (range 86–108) mL/min/1.73 m 2 , respectively, and no patient died or reached stage 5 CKD. In the PLTn group, eight patients (72.7%) reached stage 5 CKD (median time to kidney replacement therapy was 11 years), and two patients died from disease complications (18.2%). Conclusions Pre-emptive liver transplantation preserved kidney function in patients with PH1 in our cohort. Early intervention can prevent kidney failure and systemic oxalosis in PH1. Graphical abstract A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information