Identification of causal effects of neuroanatomy on cognitive decline requires modeling unobserved confounders

Introduction Carrying out a randomized controlled trial to estimate the causal effects of regional brain atrophy due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is impossible. Instead, we must estimate causal effects from observational data. However, this generally requires knowing and having recorded all confounders, which is often unrealistic. Methods We provide an approach that leverages the dependencies among multiple neuroanatomical measures to estimate causal effects from observational neuroimaging data without the need to know and record all confounders. Results Our analyses of N=732$N=732$ subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative demonstrate that using our approach results in biologically meaningful conclusions, whereas ignoring unobserved confounding yields results that conflict with established knowledge on cognitive decline due to AD. Discussion The findings provide evidence that the impact of unobserved confounding can be substantial. To ensure trustworthy scientific insights, future AD research can account for unobserved confounding via the proposed approach.