Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with continuous‐flow left ventricular assist devices: A comprehensive review

Background Gastrointestinal bleeding is a major cause of morbidity that plagues the quality of life of patients supported on contemporary continuous‐flow left ventricular assist devices (CF‐LVADs). Despite benefits in survival and the nearly 50% reduction in complications provided by CF‐LVADs, bleeding remains one of the most frequent adverse events with CF‐LVAD implants. The CF‐LVADs cause an increased risk of bleeding mainly due to the activation of the coagulation cascade. Methods A literature search was done using PubMed and Google Scholar from Inception to February 2022. Qualitative analyses of the articles retrieved were used to construct this review. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive summary of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk stratification, and management of gastrointestinal bleeding as a complication of CF‐LVAD as well as propose an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment. Results Bleeding can occur at different sites in the gastrointestinal tract, the most common underlying pathology being arteriovenous malformations located in the upper gastrointestinal tract The increased prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in CF‐LVAD patients has been attributed to the physiology of the LVAD itself, the use of anticoagulants, as well as patient comorbidities. Management involves pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies. Conclusions CF‐LVAD‐supported patients have a significant risk of GI bleeding that is mainly caused by arteriovenous malformations located in the upper GI tract. The increased prevalence of GI bleeding in CF‐LVAD patients is attributed to several etiologies that include factors attributed to the device itself and extrinsic factors such as the use of anticoagulation.