An effective strategy for promoting charge separation by integrating heterojunctions and multiple homojunctions in TiO2 nanorods to enhance photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution

A simple rapid cooling and heating (RCH) treatment was creatively introduced to form gradient Ti3+ self-doping multiple-homojunction in TiO2 nanorods which integrated with g-C3N4 to form heterojunction to facilitate separation and transportation of carriers due to the formation of built-in electric field. The photocurrent density of such a core–shell heterojunction could reach 1.23 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs RHE) under AM 1.5 G illumination without use of any hole scavenger and cocatalysts, which doubles that of the TCN heterojunction (0.64 mA cm−2) and is one of the best values for the similar TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction previously reported. [Display omitted] It is important to achieve high photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxygen evolution performance in titanium oxide (TiO2) via the separation and transportation of photogenerated carriers. Herein, three-dimensional (3D) TiO2 nanorod arrays growing on flexible carbon cloth (CC) were decorated with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to yield a 3D g-C3N4/TiO2/CC heterojunction composite (TCN). The photocurrent density of TCN is 10.6 times that of the bare TiO2 nanorod arrays, which can be attributed to the promoted separation and transportation of photogenerated carriers by the heterojunction. Then, a simple rapid cooling and heating (RCH) treatment was creatively introduced to form a gradient Ti3+ self-doping TiO2 multiple homojunction (GTSD-TiO2) in the bulk during the hydrothermal growth of the TiO2 nanorod array. This can further facilitate the separation and transportation of carriers in the bulk owing to the formation of a built-in electric field. The GTSD-TiO2 was decorated with g-C3N4 to form a core–shell heterojunction composite (GTSD-TCN). Notably, the photocurrent density of the GTSD-TCN core–shell heterojunction reached 1.23 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) under air mass (AM) 1.5 G illumination without the use of hole scavengers or cocatalysts; this was twice the photocurrent density of the TCN heterojunction (0.64 mA cm−2) and is one of the best values obtained from the previously reported TiO2 and g-C3N4 heterojunction. This performance may be ascribed to the enhanced charge separation and transportation efficiency of the heterojunction after the RCH treatment; the efficiency rises from 51 % (TCN) to 71 % (GTSD-TCN). We believe that the RCH treatment is a highly promising method towards fabricating unique multiple homojunctions by gradient self-doping. This simple and novel desig