Estimating the prevalence of hypertension in 164 cities in China by wastewater-based epidemiology
Hypertension is the most common chronic non-infectious disease and a severe problem for public health in China. There were 244.5 million people aged over 18 years in China who had hypertension in 2015, and hypertension-related death accounted for more than 25 % of all causes of death in China every...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of hazardous materials 2023-02, Vol.443, p.130147-130147, Article 130147 |
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Sprache: | eng |
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Zusammenfassung: | Hypertension is the most common chronic non-infectious disease and a severe problem for public health in China. There were 244.5 million people aged over 18 years in China who had hypertension in 2015, and hypertension-related death accounted for more than 25 % of all causes of death in China every year. To monitor the hypertension prevalence in near real-time, a wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach by using metoprolol acid as a biomarker was conducted in 164 cities in China. LC-MS/MS was utilized to quantify metoprolol acid in sewage, and satisfactory method validation results were achieved. The average concentration of metoprolol acid in sewage was 943.1 ± 671.1 ng/L, and the back-calculated consumption of metoprolol based on metoprolol acid was 932.0 ± 390.5 mg/day/1000inh on average, ranging from 76.7 to 3275.7 mg/day/1000inh. The prevalence of metoprolol was estimated to be 0.83 % ± 0.35 %, and the estimated hypertension prevalence in the population aged over 15 years was ultimately assessed to be 28.56 % ± 10.44 % ranging from 14.28 % to 44.28 % and was consistent with the China Hypertension Survey result of 27.9 %. This research demonstrated that estimating hypertension prevalence by WBE with metoprolol acid as a biomarker is feasible in Chinese cities.
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•The hypertension prevalence was assessed by WBE in China for the first time.•Metoprolol acid was selected as a hypertension biomarker in wastewater.•The consumption of metoprolol was estimated in 164 cities in China.•The hypertension prevalence was 28.56 % in population aged over 15 years in China.•Higher prevalence of hypertension was estimated in Northern China. |
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ISSN: | 0304-3894 1873-3336 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130147 |