Growth mechanism of glucose-based hydrochar under the effects of acid and temperature regulation

[Display omitted] Improving the tailorability of hydrochar synthesis is an effective way to enhance its performance and utilization efficiency. In this study, the growth rate, morphology, and molecular structure of hydrochar were controlled by regulating the pH and temperature of the hydrothermal carbonization process. Growth process analysis indicates that hydrochar has three growth periods: induction, rapid, and stable growth periods. It is mainly controlled by 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which is formed by converting glucose and its transformation products. The regulation of acid can significantly shorten the induction period of hydrochar, even under low-temperature conditions (