Insights into the nonlinear optical (NLO) response of pure Aum (2 ≥ m ≤ 7) and copper-doped Au m -xCu x clusters

A series of small pure Au m (2 ≥ m ≤ 7) and copper-doped Au m-x Cu x clusters was evaluated by density functional theory (DFT) at the CAM-B3LYP/LANL2DZ level for their geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The charge transfer for the Au cluster significantly improved by reducing the HOMO-LUMO energy gap from 3.67 eV to 0.91 eV after doping with Cu atoms. The doping of Cu also showed noteworthy impacts on other optical and NLO properties, including a decrease in the excitation energy and increase in the dipole moment and oscillator strength. Furthermore, changes in the linear isotropic and anisotropic polarizabilities (α iso and α aniso) and first and second NLO hyperpolarizabilities (β static, γ static) were also observed in the pure and Cu-doped clusters, which enhanced the NLO response. The nonlinear optical properties of the clusters were evaluated by calculating the static and frequency dependent second- and third-order NLO polarizabilities at 1064 nm wavelength. Among all the doped structures, the Au3Cu1 cluster showed the largest static first hyperpolarizability of β (total) = 4.73 × 103 au, while the Au1Cu6 cluster showed frequency dependent first hyperpolarizability of β (-2w;w,w) = 1.26 × 106 au. Besides this, large static and frequency-dependent second hyperpolarizability values of 6.30 × 105 au and 1.05 × 10 au were exhibited by Cu7 and Au1Cu6, respectively. This study offers an effective approach to design high-performance NLO materials utilizing mixed metal clusters which might have broad applications in the fields of optoelectronics and electronics.A series of small pure Au m (2 ≥ m ≤ 7) and copper-doped Au m-x Cu x clusters was evaluated by density functional theory (DFT) at the CAM-B3LYP/LANL2DZ level for their geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The charge transfer for the Au cluster significantly improved by reducing the HOMO-LUMO energy gap from 3.67 eV to 0.91 eV after doping with Cu atoms. The doping of Cu also showed noteworthy impacts on other optical and NLO properties, including a decrease in the excitation energy and increase in the dipole moment and oscillator strength. Furthermore, changes in the linear isotropic and anisotropic polarizabilities (α iso and α aniso) and first and second NLO hyperpolarizabilities (β static, γ static) were also observed in the pure and Cu-doped clusters, which enhanced the NLO response. The nonlinear optical properties of the clusters were evaluat