Secular trends in global burden of diabetes attributable to particulate matter pollution from 1990 to 2019

Increasing evidence suggests an association between fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there is still a lack of comparative evaluation regarding diabetes burden due to ambient and indoor PM 2.5 pollution at a global scale. This study attempts to provide a systematic and comprehensive profile for PM 2.5 -attributable burden of diabetes and its spatiotemporal trends, globally and regionally. Comparative estimates of diabetes attributable to ambient PM 2.5 and household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuels for 204 countries and territories were derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Globally, 292.5 (95% uncertainty interval: 207.1, 373.4) thousand deaths and 13.0 (9.1, 17.2) million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from diabetes were attributed to PM 2.5 pollution in 2019, wherein more than two-thirds (67.3% deaths and 69.7% DALYs) were contributed by ambient PM 2.5 . Compared to 1990, age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) in 2019 attributable to ambient PM 2.5 increased by 85.9% (APC: 2.21% [2.15, 2.27]), while HAP-associated ASDR decreased by 37.9% (APC: − 1.66% [− 1.82, − 1.50]). We observed a negative correlation between SDI and APC in ASMR ( r s = − 0.5, p