Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease or Anemia or Both on Cardiovascular Mortality in a 25-Year Follow-Up Study of Japanese General Population (From NIPPON DATA90)

The relation between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population is well elucidated. In patients with CKD, anemia is associated with adverse outcomes. However, the effects of CKD and anemia on CVD in the general population remains poorly explored, especially in Asian populations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CKD and/or anemia on CVD mortality in a long-term cohort study involving Japanese community dwellers. We assessed 7,339 participants (aged ≥30 years) with no CVD history. These participants were divided into 4 categories according to their CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 1+ by dipstick qualitative test) and/or anemia (hemoglobin: