Habitat restoration is the greatest challenge for population recovery of Hainan gibbons (Nomascus hainanus)

Hainan gibbons are among the world's most critically endangered primates, with a remaining population of only 35 individuals distributed across 5 social groups in the Bawangling Branch of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, China. Habitat conversion and forest fragmentation over the past 40 years have reduced their geographical distribution by 95%. In the absence of a quantitative assessment of the availability of remaining suitable habitat, it is unclear whether this species can survive to the end of this century. We used behavioral observations, ArcGIS, remote sensing, stereo optical imagery, and MaxEnt modeling to identify patterns of Hainan gibbon range use and compare changes in the distribution of suitable forest types and areas of forest fragmentation over the past 20 years (2000–2020). The results indicate that the combined range of the 5 extant Hainan gibbon groups totaled 14.89 km2. The home range of the smallest group (Group E, 3 individuals) was 1.51 km2, which likely represents the minimum home range size for this species. The remaining area of highly suitable and moderately suitable habitat totals 26.9 km2. However, habitat connectivity across the gibbon range is very low (less than 0.5), limiting the ability of Hainan gibbons to move between forest patches. The results of this study indicate that the availability of suitable habitat in Bawangling is insufficient to allow for future Hainan gibbon population growth. Therefore, immediate action must be taken to restore, reforest, and establish ecological corridors to reconnect areas of suitable habitat for these critically endangered gibbons. Our study provides a genetic pattern of the Taihangshan macaque in southern Mt. Taihangshan area. All individuals from the western areas (Northwest, Southwest, and Central‐west) clustered together (THS‐west clade). Individuals from the far East range formed a THS‐east haplogroup, and individuals from the THS‐west clade formed 3 haplogroups, namely, west‐A, west‐B, and west‐C. Notably, these 3 haplogroups are mainly distributed in Northwest, Central‐west, and Southwest areas, respectively.