Standardised classification system for bespoke thermoplastic ankle foot orthoses

To validate a new classification system for bespoke thermoplastic ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). Inter- and intra-observer reliability study. A classification system based on the design and function of AFOs was created. Sixty-three independent observers classified thirty-six photographs of different AFOs, according to the proposed classification system via an online questionnaire. Approximately two weeks later, the same AFOs were classified again by fifty-three of the same participants. All participants were health care professionals, researchers, or technicians with experience in referring for, prescribing, fitting, reviewing, researching or manufacturing AFOs. The mean inter- and intra-observer agreement Fleiss’ kappa was 0.932 and 0.944, respectively. 98.3% of participants reported that the classification system was very easy or moderately easy to use, with 85.7% reporting they would use the classification system. 90.5% of participants reported that the proposed AFO classification system was clear, with 84% stating it was useful. The proposed classification system for bespoke thermoplastic AFOs, has an excellent inter- and intra-observer agreement. It will reduce the ambiguity of the description of the type of AFOs used in clinical practice and research. Furthermore, it makes reproducible comparisons between groups possible, which are essential for future evaluations of evidence-based orthotic care. •Standardised terminology for AFOs is critical, without these, there may be serious negative consequences.•No other classification system for bespoke thermoplastic AFOs currently exists. .•The proposed classification system based on AFO design and function has an excellent inter- and intra-observer agreement.•The classification system will allow comparisons between different bespoke thermoplastic AFOs and allow meta-analyses.•This classification is essential for evidence-based treatment of pathologies requiring bespoke thermoplastic AFO intervention.