Global prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection (gonorrhoea) is associated with several pregnancy complications, including preterm labour, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, miscarriage, growth retardation, and intrauterine death. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global and regional prevalence of gonorrhoea in pregnant women as a scientific basis for further studies. We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and SciELO databases from inception to 10 July 2022. We included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies that reported the prevalence of gonorrhoea in pregnant women. In addition, we included baseline data for randomized controlled trials. Pregnant women who were tested for gonorrhoea. Pooled prevalence estimates at 95% CIs were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. We stratified countries according to WHO-defined regions and socio-economic factors. Moreover, sub-group-, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of pre-determined factors on prevalence estimates and heterogeneity. We identified 235 studies (249 datasets) on 19 104 175 pregnant women from 71 countries. The worldwide pooled prevalence of gonorrhoea in pregnant women was estimated at 1.85% (95% CI 1.73–1.97%), with the highest rate in the African region (3.53%) (2.84–4.29%) and the lowest rate in the European region (0.52%) (0.27–0.84%). Overall, the prevalence estimates were high among low-income countries (3.03%), pregnant women with HIV (2.81%), and pregnant women