Integrated interfaces for low-cost multiple-sensor systems

The paper reviews the architecture and design of low-cost high-performance sensor systems. These systems consist of a number of multiplexed sensor elements, sensor-specific front-ends, modifiers, and microcontroller or digital signal processors (DSPs). Important properties that act as focus points for the system design are: adaptability, accuracy, dynamic range, speed, power consumption, reliability, and cost. To enable low-cost design and implementation, a universal set-up using universal components is used. Universal sensor interfaces with front-ends for resistive, capacitive, and resistive-bridge sensing elements, as well as voltage-, current-, and charge-generating sensing elements are discussed. The analog sensor signals are converted to analog signals in the time domain using period-modulated oscillators. The A/D conversion of the time-domain signal can be implemented in the microcontroller or DSP. It is shown that, in this case, too, the principles of sigma-delta converters can be applied. The paper shows that in a systematic overall design approach it is even possible to reduce many of the physical nonidealities of the sensor elements. As an example, the paper deals with the design problems of reliable, high-performance low-cost capacitive sensors. Solutions for both the physical- and electrical-signal processing are discussed. The examples consider the application of capacitive sensors in position detectors, liquid-level detectors, and personnel detectors. (Author)