Mechanical Force Directs Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells

Stem cells have attracted much attention in the field of regeneration due to their unique ability to promote regeneration. Among the many approaches used to regulate directed proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, application of mechanical forces is safe, simple, and easy to implement, all of which are advantageous to practical applications. In this review, the mechanisms of mechanical regulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiation are summarized with emphasis on force transduction pathways from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus. Prospects for future clinical applications are also discussed. In conclusion, through specific signaling pathways, mechanical signals ultimately affect gene expression and thus guide cell fate. Mechanical factors can regulate proliferation and differentiation of stem cells through signaling pathways, a greater understanding of which will contribute to future research and applications of cell regeneration therapy.