Three-dimensional (3D) printing for post-traumatic orbital reconstruction, a systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this study was to determine if three-dimensional (3D) printed orbit models and preoperative plate contouring provides benefit over traditional surgical reconstruction of orbit fractures. This systematic review and meta-analysis searched five databases to identify cases of 3D printing for orbital fracture reconstruction. Primary outcomes were resolution of diplopia and enophthalmos, orbital volume symmetry and operation duration. Meta-analyses were used to calculate log odds ratios (OR) for diplopia and enophthalmos and absolute mean difference for orbital volume. A total of 58 articles describing 906 patient cases were included. A single article for each of diplopia and enophthalmos compared 3D printing with traditional management, which prevented answering the primary research question. However, pre-post meta-analysis showed that postoperative groups were less likely to have diplopia (n = 747, log OR = -2.35, 95%CI -1.72 to -2.98, p