Revisiting the chondrichthyan egg capsules inventory from the Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) of Belgium: new data and perspectives

Records of chondrichthyan egg capsule morphotypes from the paralic deposits of the Belgian Coal Measures Group (Pennsylvanian; Bashkirian–Moscovian; Namurian B–Westphalian B according to the traditional subdivision) are presented and discussed. These include several species of the hybodontiform type Palaeoxyris as well as the putative holocephalian types Vetacapsula and Crookallia . Furthermore, the type specimens of Scapellites cottoni and S. minor , two additional putative and enigmatic egg capsules from the same lithostratigraphic unit, are figured and discussed. Altogether, a highly diverse egg capsule assemblage documented from the Belgian deposits implies the presence of at least eleven different Carboniferous chondrichthyan species using the ancient aquatic environments for spawning and as nurseries. The absence of the xenacanthiform morphotype Fayolia , known from surrounding coeval Coal Measures areas of northern France, the Netherlands, and Germany, is conspicuous. This lack may be a result of collecting bias and does not reflect a real pattern.