One-step double network hydrogels of photocurable monomers and bacterial cellulose fibers

Soft-tissue replacements are challenging due to the stringent compliance requirements for the implanted materials in terms of biocompatibility, durability, high wear resistance, low friction, and water content. Acrylate hydrogels are worth considering as soft tissue implants as they can be photocurable and sustain customized shapes through 3D bioprinting. However, acrylate-based hydrogels present weak mechanical properties and significant dimensional changes when immersed in liquids. To address these obstacles, we fabricated double network (DN) hydrogels composed of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNFs) by one fast UV photopolymerization step. BCNFs/PAA hydrogels with a 0.5 wt% BCNFs content present an increased stiffness and a lower, non-pH-dependent swelling than PAA hydrogels or PAA hydrogels with cellulose nanocrystals. Besides, BCNFs/PAA hydrogels are biocompatible and can be frozen/thawed. Those characteristics endorse these hybrid hydrogels as potential candidates for vascular and cartilage tissue implants. [Display omitted] •Photocurable biocompatible double network (DN) hybrid hydrogels in a single step•Polyacrylic acid (PAA)/bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNFs) DN hydrogels are stiff but flexible.•The DN hydrogels swell less when immersed in water than PAA hydrogels.•PAA hydrogels with cellulose nanocrystals do not form a DN system.•PAA/BCNFs hydrogels are potential candidates for vascular or cartilage soft-implants.