Pulmonary hemorrhage in extremely low birth weight infants: Significance of the size of left to right shunting through a valve incompetent patent foramen ovale

Objective Pulmonary hemorrhage is a rare but severe complication of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. The association of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) and the diameter of the foramen ovale (FO) with pulmonary hemorrhage has not been reported. Study Design Case control study of ELBW infants with and without pulmonary hemorrhage. Each ELBW infant with an echocardiogram within 48 h of pulmonary hemorrhage was analyzed. Result 16 infants with pulmonary hemorrhage were matched with 32 controls by birth weight and gestational age. Echocardiogram showed hsPDA in all infants and those with pulmonary hemorrhage had significantly smaller patent FO [PFO] (1 vs 2.4 mm, p