Kinetic process of upward gas hydrate growth and water migration on the solid surface

[Display omitted] Gas hydrates have gained great interest in the energy and environmental field as a medium for gas storage and transport, gas separation, and carbon dioxide sequestration. The presence of small doses of surfactants in the aqueous phase has been reported to enhance hydrate formation; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Thus, in situ high-resolution X-ray computed tomography measurements were performed to monitor the upward water migration and the resulting hydrate nucleation and growth. It was found that the presence of hydrate crystals at the gas–liquid–solid contact line triggered the enhanced growth of hydrates on the reactor wall. A time delay was observed between the disappearance of the bulk water reservoir and its transformation into hydrate. The lower interfacial tension between the hydrate surface and the solution facilitated its adsorption onto the reactor wall once a thin film of hydrate nucleated on the solid wall surface. These hydrate layers present on the reactor wall were found to be porous, wherein the porosity decreased with increased subcooling. These fundamental results will be of value in understanding the mechanism of hydrate growth in the presence of surfactants and its potential application in hydrate-based technologies.