Allergenicity of alcohol-soluble wasp pupal proteins and its impact on the gut microbiota

Wasp pupa protein has triggered allergies in certain consumers. In this study, we investigated the allergenicity of alcohol-soluble wasp pupa protein (ACWP) and its effect on the gut microbiota of mice in vivo. It was found that ACWP caused skin erythema and diarrhea in mice, the up-regulation of HIS, IgE, IL-4, IL-22, and IL-17A, and down-regulation of IgG2a, IgA, and IL-2 in serum. The results also revealed that the thymus, spleen, and small intestine structures in mice also altered significantly, and the intestinal wall structure was disrupted. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled dextran intestinal permeability test depicted that the intestinal permeability of mice in the ACWP group increased significantly. The gut microbiota analysis in mice depicted that five bacterial strains in the ACWP group, including s_Candidatus_Arthromitus_sp._SFB_mice_Japa, were up-regulated, and nine low-abundant strains, including s_unclassified_g_norank_f_Ruminococcaceae, were down-regulated. The association analysis of gut microbiota and serum factors showed that eight serum biochemical factors were significantly correlated with 11 strains. The results revealed that ACWP could cause disturbance of gut microbiota and its metabolism, change the integrity and permeability of the intestinal tract, destroy the intestinal mucosal immune system, and then cause skin erythema and diarrhea as the primary manifestations.