Circulating metabolite biomarkers: a game changer in the human prostate cancer diagnosis

Purpose Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in Western and Asian countries. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has been the routine diagnostic method despite the tremendous research in diagnostic markers for early detection of PCa. A shift towards a promising and potential biomarker for PCa detection is through metabolomic profiling of biofluids, particularly the blood and urine samples. Finding reliable, routinely usable circulating metabolite biomarkers may not be a distant reality. Methods We performed a PubMed-based literature search of metabolite biomarkers in blood and urine for the early detection of prostate cancer. The timeline of these searches was limited between 2007 and 2022 and the following keywords were used: ‘metabolomics’, ‘liquid biopsy’, ‘circulating metabolites’, ‘serum metabolite’, ‘plasma metabolite’, and ‘urine metabolite’ with respect to ‘prostate cancer’. We focussed only on diagnosis-based studies with only the subject-relevant articles published in the English language and excluded all of the other irrelevant publications that included prostate tissue biomarkers and cell line biomarkers. Results We have consolidated all the blood and urine-based potential metabolite candidates in individual as well as panels, including lipid classes, fatty acids, amino acids, and volatile organic compounds which may become useful for PCa diagnosis. Conclusion All these metabolome findings unveil the impact of different dimensions of PCa development, giving a promising strategy to diagnose the disease since suspected individuals can be subjected to repeated and largescale blood and urine testing.