Spiritual Health in Iranian Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the spiritual health status of Iranian patients with cardiovascular diseases. A literature search was conducted in national (MagIran and Scientific Information Database) and international (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science/ISI) databases from inception to December 2021. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled score of spiritual health. Based on the eligibility criteria, 22 articles were selected for the final analysis. The pooled score of spiritual health in Iranian patients with cardiovascular diseases was 61% (95% confidence interval: 54%–68%). In subgroup analysis, the pooled score in patients with heart failure was higher than other patients (67% vs. 58%). Publication bias was not significant (p = 0.554). Results indicated that the spiritual health of Iranian patients with cardiovascular diseases was moderate. Therefore, it is recommended that proper training be provided to these patients to enhance their adaptation to the complications of cardiovascular diseases.