High Foraging Fidelity and Plant-Pollinator Network Dominance of Non-native Honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Ecuadorian Andes

Pollinator foraging fidelity (i.e., consistent and repeated visitation to a particular plant species or area) is poorly understood for most bee species, but is important information for both the conservation of plant and pollinator species and the ecosystem services they provide to humans. We used plant–pollinator surveys and mark–recapture of floral-visiting Hymenoptera to study the foraging fidelity and species interaction network properties of a plant–pollinator community in the tropical Andes of southern Ecuador. After marking 92 bees visiting six plant taxa along four 100-m transects between July 16th and July 31st of 2019, only honeybees were resighted at a recapture rate of 47.7% (41/86). During our surveys, we observed nine bee and two wasp taxa feeding from the flowers of 10 morphospecies of plants, and we found significantly low network nestedness and significantly high network-level specialization. Specialization (d′) was also significant for honeybees and bumblebees and for three plant taxa. Overall, our findings indicated that feral, non-native honeybees in this region dominated the local plant–pollinator network, yet this species is acting as a specialist forager at the individual level. Our results suggest that honeybees may be replacing the pollination services of some native bees and wasps in the region, but more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of honeybee pollination for the local plants.