Liver Transplantation After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease: A Case Report

•This is the first report in the literature of orthotopic liver transplant after hematopoietic stem cell transplant for the treatment of sickle cell disease.•Hematopoietic stem cell transplant is a promising treatment for patients with severe manifestations of sickle cell disease, with complete disease remission in most cases.•Chronic liver disease, often progressing to cirrhosis, is one of the major long-term complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Patients with sickle cell disease present a higher risk for liver disease as a result of frequent iron overload of the liver before the procedure.•In patients who develop cirrhosis after undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant, liver transplantation can be a curative procedure, as demonstrated in this case report. Sickle cell anemia is the most common of the hemoglobinopathies, in which the abnormal hemoglobin formed in deoxygenation states undergoes a polymerization process with consequent erythrocyte deformation and vaso-occlusive events. The need for multiple blood transfusions, prolonged ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, and increased iron absorption can cause iron overload in the liver, leading to liver fibrosis. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is currently the only treatment with a curative potential for this disease and can establish normal complete or partial donor-derived erythropoiesis and stabilize or restore function in affected organs, preventing further deterioration of function. However, it does not reverse preexisting liver fibrosis and siderosis. One of the possible complications of patients who undergo HSCT is chronic liver disease, which has a multifactorial cause, with iron overload being an important factor. In the long term, the prevalence of chronic liver disease in HSCT patients, including cirrhosis and its complications, can be significant. Solid organ transplantation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for end-organ failure remains a very rare event. It may offer a valuable treatment strategy in selected recipients, although it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We report the case of a patient with sickle cell anemia who underwent HSCT and developed severe liver dysfunction requiring liver transplantation 13 years after the procedure. We found no previous report in the literature of orthotopic liver transplant after HCT for the treatment of sickle cell disease.