Various types of electrochemical biosensors for leukemia detection and therapeutic approaches

Leukemia often initiates following dysfunctions in hematopoietic stem cells lineages. Various types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), and human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can thus call for different diagnosis and treatment options. One of the most important subjects in leukemia is the early detection of the disease for effective therapeutic purposes. In this respect, biosensors detecting the molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as analytes are called genosensors or DNA biosensors. Electrochemical sensors, as the most significant approach, also involve reacting of chemical solutions with sensors to generate electrical signals proportional to analyte concentrations. Biosensors can further help detect cancer cells in the early stages of the disease. Moreover, electrochemical biosensors, developed based on various nanomaterials (NMs), can increase sensitivity to the detection of leukemia-related genes, e.g., BCR/ABL as a fusion gene and promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML/RARα). Therefore, the present review reflects on previous studies recruiting different NMs for leukemia detection. Schematic demonstration of the HTLV-1 tax gene detection with electrochemical sensor with DPV method that modified with rGO (reduced Graphene Oxide), Pyrrole, AuNps and L-cysteine. [Display omitted] •Detecting of cancer cells is an important issue, because most of therapeutic methods for cancers are effective when diagnosed early.•The early diagnosis of leukemia can help to avoid missing recurrence and helping guide treatment discussions.•Nanoparticles are widely used in cancer electrochemical sensors as they exhibit increased surface area, shape tunable, electronic and size properties.•Various electrochemical biosensors can detect different type of leukemia cells such as CML, APL, ALL or HTLV-1 with highly sensitive.