Dysbiotic relationship between arthritis and the oral‐gut microbiome. A critical review

Arthritis and prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) overall are associated with reduced quality of life and limited work capacity. Multiple, overlapping factors contribute to these conditions. Some investigations have suggested a dysbiotic association between the oral‐gut microbiome and pathogenesis of arthritis and PJIs. A better understanding of the role of the oral‐gut microbiota in arthritis and PJI pathophysiology can shed light into how its disequilibrium can discharge a pro‐inflammatory response, and impact the health of patients susceptible to arthritis or with established joint disease. A review of published in vivo and clinical data suggested that alterations in oral and gut microbiota can lead to a disturbance of immunoregulatory properties, and may be associated with joint infections and arthritis. This review brings new insights into the current status of the evidence on the potential molecules and inflammatory biomarkers disrupted by an oral‐gut microbial dysbiosis. Normal commensals and pathogenic oral and gut microflora homeostasis are important not only to prevent infections per se but also its potential progression. Further experiments, especially controlled clinical trials, are needed to ascertain how microbiome manipulation and other microbiota‐directed approaches can help control inflammation and effectively prevent and treat arthritic diseases. Additionally, studies on the effects of the long‐term oral diseases, such as chronic periodontitis, on arthritis and PJIs need to be conducted.