KAMPOmics: A framework for multidisciplinary and comprehensive research on Japanese traditional medicine

•Traditional Kampo medicines are integrated in modern Japan’s medical system.•“Long-tail” Kampo medicines exert multiple multi-way actions via multi-components.•Kampo often targets pre-symptomatic disorders (mibyo) in a tailor-made way (sho).•“KAMPOmics” is a framework for multidisciplinary and comprehensive research.•KAMPOmics has a systems biology approach based on multi-omics and network science. Traditional Japanese medicines, known as “Kampo medicines”, are pharmaceutical-grade multi-herbal treatments that are integrated within the modern medical system in Japan. Although basic and clinical research including placebo-controlled double-blind trials is attempting to clarify their effectiveness and mechanisms of action, such studies are seriously limited due to the multi-targeted, multi-component “long-tail” properties of Kampo medicines, which are fundamentally different from modern western therapeutics. However, recent progress in high-throughput analytical technology, coupled with an exponential increase in biomedical information on various levels from molecular biology to clinical “big” data, is enabling us to commence a multidisciplinary and comprehensive investigation of Kampo medicines based on multi-omics, bio-informatics, and systems biology. In addition to deriving an inclusive understanding of the benefits and mechanisms of Kampo medicines, “KAMPOmics” may lead to the development of new principles to control and treat diseases in a systems-oriented manner. Furthermore, elucidation of “sho” and “mibyo” – classical concepts of Kampo, which loosely approximate to the notions of “precise medicine” and “pre-symptomatic aberration”, respectively – may contribute to the development of patient-oriented medicine, an area attracting enormous growth and interest in contemporary medicine.