Composition and effects of seminal plasma in the female reproductive tracts on implantation of human embryos

The function of seminal plasma involves acting as a transport medium for sperm and as a means of communication between the reproductive tissues of the male and female. It is also a vital factor to prime the reproductive tracts of the female for optimal pregnancy. When the reproductive tract of the female is exposed to seminal plasma, serious alterations take place, enhancing pathogen and debris clearance observed in the uterus throughout mating. It is also capable of supporting embryo growth, promoting the receptivity of the uterus, and establishing tolerance to the semi-allogenic embryo. Moreover, seminal plasma is capable of regulating the functions of several female reproductive organs and providing an ideal condition for effective embryo implantation and pregnancy. It is believed that the health state of the offspring is affected by exposure to seminal plasma. For the treatment of infertility, assisted reproductive technologies have been extensively employed. The application of seminal plasma as a therapeutic approach to enhance the development of embryo competency and rate of implantation, receptivity of endometrium, and establishment of maternal immune tolerance in cycles of ART appears possible. Herein, current knowledge on the composition of seminal plasma and the physiological roles it possesses on various parts of the female reproductive tract are summarized. Moreover, the role of seminal plasma in the development of embryos, implantation, and the following fetal growth and survival have been reviewed in this article. •Seminal plasma contains various immune factors influencing the female immune system.•An optimal balance of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory factors in seminal plasma may be beneficial for implantation and placentation.•Seminal plasma contains chemokines, cytokines, and prostaglandins with the potential to affect inflammation, tolerance, and angiogenesis to support pregnancy.•The effect of seminal plasma exposure on female reproductive tracts in regards to local immune system responses.•The effect of seminal plasma exposure on endometrium receptivity, embryo development and survival, implantation and successful pregnancy and birth rate.