Existing operational oceanography

This paper reviews operational systems used for real-time prediction of tides, surges and waves in northwest Europe. The review takes the form of a ‘snapshot’ of models, related observing systems and dissemination procedures in use early in 1999. A brief account of surge, tide and wave dynamics and factors influencing them combined with regional factors such as water depth, shallow water extent, exposure (fetch), etc., provides a basis for understanding the diversity in design and implementation of the different national systems. It is shown that the systems in the different coastal states have evolved to address the needs of their own coastal and marine environments; take account of relevant processes and dynamics; and employ technologies such as data assimilation where appropriate. As a result, there are areas of common interest and overlap. Possibilities for rationalising systems or enhancing benefits by sharing of forecast products and data are discussed. Improved communication among operational agencies, perhaps using the PROMISE web pages ( http://www.pol.ac.uk/promise/) to facilitate exchange of information on systems, operational developments and experience, is suggested as a means of encouraging collaboration and dissemination of new techniques.