Evaluation of enzymatic and magnetic properties of γ-glutamyl-[1-C]glycine and its deuteration toward longer retention of the hyperpolarized state

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is an emerging cutting-edge method of acquiring metabolic and physiological information in vivo . We recently developed γ-glutamyl-[1- 13 C]glycine (γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly) as a DNP nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) molecular probe to detect γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in vivo . However, the detailed enzymatic and magnetic properties of this probe remain unknown. Here, we evaluate a γ-Glu-Gly scaffold and develop a deuterated probe, γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly- d 2 , that can realize a longer lifetime of the hyperpolarized signal. We initially evaluated the GGT-mediated enzymatic conversion of γ-Glu-Gly and the magnetic properties of 13 C-enriched γ-Glu-Gly (γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly and γ-[5- 13 C]Glu-Gly) to support the validity of γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly as a DNP NMR molecular probe for GGT. We then examined the spin-lattice relaxation time ( T 1 ) of γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly and γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly- d 2 under various conditions (D 2 O, PBS, and serum) and confirmed that the T 1 of γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly and γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly- d 2 was maintained for 30 s (9.4 T) and 41 s (9.4 T), respectively, even in serum. Relaxation analysis of γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly revealed a significant contribution of the dipole-dipole interaction and the chemical shift anisotropy relaxation pathway (71% of the total relaxation rate at 9.4 T), indicating the potential of deuteration and the use of a lower magnetic field for realizing a longer T 1 . In fact, by using γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly- d 2 as a DNP probe, we achieved longer retention of the hyperpolarized signal at 1.4 T. By examining enzymatic and magnetic properties, γ-Glu-[1- 13 C]Gly- d 2 was developed as a long-lived DNP molecular probe for detecting γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.