Relationship of histamine expression with chemokine balance in the tumor microenvironment of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue

Background Tumor‐associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment (TME), as a factor affecting lymphocytes, have received much attention. Both lymphocytes and macrophages can switch the expression of histamine receptors. In this study, we investigated the role of histamine in the TME of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods Sixty‐seven patients with stage I tongue SCC were studied. Histamine was evaluated by the expression of L‐histidine decarboxylase (HDC). Macrophages, T lymphocytes, and lymph vessel density, as well as the Ki‐67 labeling index (LI) and depth of invasion (DOI), were compared with HDC expression. Results HDC expression was significantly affected by the TME. The DOI, worst pattern of invasion, and Ki‐67 LI were associated with histamine expression. C‐C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 and CCL22 were co‐expressed with histamine H1 and H2 receptors. Histamine expression was most affected by the DOI. Conclusions Tongue SCC expressing histamine affected the TME via histamine receptors and chemokines.