Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Adult Patients with Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a syndrome of excessive sympathetic activity, mainly occurring in severe traumatic brain injury. However, few studies have reported the frequency of PSH and its related risk factors in adult patients with brain injury. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the combined incidence of PSH and the associated risk factors in adult patients with brain injury. This study was registered with the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (https://www.crd.york. ac.uk/PROSPERO/Identifier: CRD 42021260493), and a systematic search was conducted of the scientific databases Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. All identified observational studies regarding the incidence and risk factors of PSH in adult patients with brain injury were included. Two authors extracted data independently; data were analyzed by STATA version 16. The search yielded 9 studies involving 1643 adult patients. PSH was detected in 438 patients. The combined incidence of PSH in adult patients with brain injury was 27.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.190–0.358). The risk factors include patients’ age (SMD = –0.592; I2 = 77.5%; 95% CI, –1.027 to –0.156; P = 0.008), traffic accident (odds ratio [OR], 1.783; I2 =18.0%; 95% CI, 1.128–2.820; P = 0.013), admission Glasgow Coma Scale score (SMD = –1.097; I2 =28.3%; 95% CI, -–1.500 to –0.693; P = 0.000), hydrocephalus (OR, 3.936; I2 =67.9%; 95% CI, 1.144–13.540; P = 0.030), and diffuse axonal injury (OR, 4.747; I2 =71.1%; 95% CI, 1.221–18.463; P = 0.025) and were significantly associated with the presence of PSH after brain injury. PSH occurs in nearly a quarter of adult patients with brain injury. Patient’s age, traffic accident, admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, hydrocephalus, and diffuse axonal injury were risk factors for PSH in adult patients with brain injury. These findings may contribute to novel strategies for early diagnosis and interventions that aid in the rehabilitation of patients with brain injury.