Updates in the Management of Relapsed and Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An Urgent Plea for New Treatments Is Being Answered

The treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has dramatically changed over the past three decades. However, relapsed and/or refractory ALL still remains with a very low survival and high morbidity associated with its treatment. Here, we will review the outstanding progress that has been made in the treatment of relapsed and/or refractory ALL and discuss future directions and challenges that require further investigation.