Calibrated method for ultrasonic on-line monitoring of gradual wear during turning operations

On-line tool condition monitoring is essential for modern machining systems, especially in the case of precision and unmanned machining. Knowledge of the condition and the expected life of the tool are very important inputs for determining the optimal machining parameters. Previous efforts have indicated that ultrasonic gaging methods can be used to directly measure in-process gradual tool wear during turning operations. Good correlation was shown between the level of gradual wear and the ultrasonic signals. However, the correlation was tool dependent. This was mainly attributed to variations in the tool materials and inconsistent coupling of the transducer to the tools. This paper describes a robust method for on-line gradual wear monitoring using normalized ultrasonic signals. A consistent calibration mark, cut in the lower comer of the tool nose, is used to generate a calibration echo. The calibration echo is affected by the same variations as that of the gradual wear and is used to normalize the nose and flank echoes. Experiments under various cutting conditions showed that the gradual wear measurements can be made tool independent by normalizing the measurements with the calibration mark. In addition, the variations in the signals which were previously reported are also eliminated.