Utility of Mid-treatment DWI in Selecting Pathological Responders to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer

Purpose Pathological complete response correlates with better clinical outcomes in locally advanced esophageal cancer (LA-EC). However, there is lack of prognostic markers to identify patients in the current setting of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) followed by surgery. This study evaluates the utility of mid-treatment diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in identifying pathological responders of NACRT. Methods Twenty-four patients with LA-EC on NACRT were prospectively recruited and underwent three MRI (baseline, mid-treatment, end-of-RT) scans. DWI-derived apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mean and minimum were used as a surrogate to evaluate the treatment response, and its correlation to pathological response was assessed. Results Mid-treatment ADC mean was significantly higher among patients with pathological response compared to non-responders ( p = 0.011). ADC difference (ΔADC) between baseline and mid-treatment correlated with tumor response ( p = 0.007). ADC at other time points did not correlate to pathological response. Conclusion In this study, mid-treatment ADC values show potential to be a surrogate for tumor response in NACRT. However, larger trials are required to establish DW-MRI as a definite biomarker for tumor response.