Anorexia and bulimia in late antiquity and early Byzantine period in the eastern Mediterranean region

Objective The purpose of this study is to identify clinical manifestations of eating disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region from the first century AD until the seventh century AD and evaluate relevant awareness among the physicians of the era. Method The authors searched original medical texts written in Greek by physicians practicing in the Eastern Mediterranean region from the first century AD to the seventh century AD. The search focused on passages that include possible references to clinical entities analogous to anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) as described in the DSM‐5 and the contemporary literature. Results Descriptions of conditions that resemble AN or BN can be found in the work of Galen, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida, Leon Philoumenos, Alexander Trallian, and Paul of Egina. Successive physicians confirmed the observations of their predecessors and add to the description of the clinical presentations and their etiology. Discussion This research provides evidence of awareness of presentations resembling currently defined eating disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region during a period with different norms and values. Observations from the period can serve as a point for reflection about the characteristics and etiology of AN and BN in the 21st century.